
	S.V.N-MCA(cbcs) - WEB DESIGNING LAB

HTML, an initialism of HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It provides a means to describe the structure of text-based information in a document — by denoting certain text as links, headings, paragraphs, lists, and so on — and to supplement that text with interactive forms, embedded images, and other objects. HTML is written in the form of tags, surrounded by angle brackets. HTML can also describe, to some degree, the appearance and semantics of a document, and can include embedded scripting language code (such as JavaScript) which can affect the behavior of Web browsers and other HTML processors.

HTML is also often used to refer to content in specific languages, such as a MIME type text/html, or even more broadly as a generic term for HTML, whether in its XML-descended form (such as XHTML 1.0 and later) or its form descended directly from SGML (such as HTML 4.01 and earlier).

By convention, HTML format data files use a file extension .html or .htm.

UNDESTANDING THE STRUCTURE OF AN WEB PAGE

While this reference aims to provide a thorough breakdown of the various HTML elements and their respective attributes, you also need to understand how these items fit into the bigger picture. A web page is structured as follows.

The Doctype

The first item to appear in the source code of a web page is the doctype declaration. This provides the web browser (or other user agent) with information about the type of markup language in which the page is written, which may or may not affect the way the browser renders the content. It may look a little scary at first glance, but the good news is that most WYSIWYG web editors will create the doctype for you automatically after you’ve selected from a dialog the type of document you’re creating. If you aren’t using a WYSIWYG web editing package, you can refer to the list of doctypes contained in this reference and copy the one you want to use.

The doctype looks like this (as seen in the context of a very simple HTML 4.01 page without any content):

<html>
  <head>
    <title>Page title</title>
  </head>
  <body>
  </body>
</html>

In the example above, the doctype relates to HTML 4.01 Strict. In this reference, you’ll see examples of HTML 4.01 and also XHTML 1.0 and 1.1, identified as such. While many of the elements and attributes may have the same names, there are some distinct syntactic differences between the various versions of HTML and XHTML. You can find out more about this in the sections entitled HTML Versus XHTML and HTML and XHTML Syntax.

The Document Tree

A web page could be considered as a document tree that can contain any number of branches. There are rules as to what items each branch can contain (and these are detailed in each element’s reference in the “Contains” and “Contained by” sections). To understand the concept of a document tree, it’s useful to consider a simple web page with typical content features alongside its tree view, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. The document tree of a simple web page

If we look at this comparison, we can see that the html element in fact contains two elements: head and body. head has two subbranches—a meta element and a title. The body element contains a number of headings, paragraphs, and a blockquote.

Note that there’s some symmetry in the way the tags are opened and closed. For example, the paragraph that reads, “It has lots of lovely content …” contains three text nodes, the second of which is wrapped in an em element (for emphasis). The paragraph is closed after the content has ended, and before the next element in the tree begins (in this case, it’s a blockquote); placing the closing </p> after the blockquote would break the tree’s structure.

WORKING WITH TAGS AND ATTRIBUTION

Index of Attributes

Name	Related Elements	Type	Default	Depr.	DTD	Comment
abbr	TD, TH	%Text;	#IMPLIED			abbreviation for header cell
accept-charset	FORM	%Charsets;	#IMPLIED			list of supported charsets
accept	FORM, INPUT	%ContentTypes;	#IMPLIED			list of MIME types for file upload
accesskey	A, AREA, BUTTON, INPUT, LABEL, LEGEND, TEXTAREA	%Character;	#IMPLIED			accessibility key character
action	FORM	%URI;	#REQUIRED			server-side form handler
align	CAPTION	%CAlign;	#IMPLIED	D	L	relative to table
align	APPLET, IFRAME, IMG, INPUT, OBJECT	%IAlign;	#IMPLIED	D	L	vertical or horizontal alignment
align	LEGEND	%LAlign;	#IMPLIED	D	L	relative to fieldset
align	TABLE	%TAlign;	#IMPLIED	D	L	table position relative to window
align	HR	(left \| center \| right)	#IMPLIED	D	L
align	DIV, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, P	(left \| center \| right \| justify)	#IMPLIED	D	L	align, text alignment
align	COL, COLGROUP, TBODY, TD, TFOOT, TH, THEAD, TR	(left \| center \| right \| justify \| char)	#IMPLIED
alink	BODY	%Color;	#IMPLIED	D	L	color of selected links
alt	APPLET	%Text;	#IMPLIED	D	L	short description
alt	AREA, IMG	%Text;	#REQUIRED			short description
alt	INPUT	CDATA	#IMPLIED			short description
archive	APPLET	CDATA	#IMPLIED	D	L	comma-separated archive list
archive	OBJECT	CDATA	#IMPLIED			space-separated list of URIs
axis	TD, TH	CDATA	#IMPLIED			comma-separated list of related headers
background	BODY	%URI;	#IMPLIED	D	L	texture tile for document background
bgcolor	TABLE	%Color;	#IMPLIED	D	L	background color for cells
bgcolor	TR	%Color;	#IMPLIED	D	L	background color for row
bgcolor	TD, TH	%Color;	#IMPLIED	D	L	cell background color
bgcolor	BODY	%Color;	#IMPLIED	D	L	document background color
border	TABLE	%Pixels;	#IMPLIED			controls frame width around table
border	IMG, OBJECT	%Pixels;	#IMPLIED	D	L	link border width
cellpadding	TABLE	%Length;	#IMPLIED			spacing within cells
cellspacing	TABLE	%Length;	#IMPLIED			spacing between cells
char	COL, COLGROUP, TBODY, TD, TFOOT, TH, THEAD, TR	%Character;	#IMPLIED			alignment char, e.g. char=':'
charoff	COL, COLGROUP, TBODY, TD, TFOOT, TH, THEAD, TR	%Length;	#IMPLIED			offset for alignment char
charset	A, LINK, SCRIPT	%Charset;	#IMPLIED			char encoding of linked resource
checked	INPUT	(checked)	#IMPLIED			for radio buttons and check boxes
cite	BLOCKQUOTE, Q	%URI;	#IMPLIED			URI for source document or msg
cite	DEL, INS	%URI;	#IMPLIED			info on reason for change
class	All elementsBASE, BASEFONT, HEAD, HTML, META, PARAM, SCRIPT, STYLE, TITLE but	CDATA	#IMPLIED			space-separated list of classes
classid	OBJECT	%URI;	#IMPLIED			identifies an implementation
clear	BR	(left \| all \| right \| none)	none	D	L	control of text flow
code	APPLET	CDATA	#IMPLIED	D	L	applet class file
codebase	OBJECT	%URI;	#IMPLIED			base URI for classid, data, archive
codebase	APPLET	%URI;	#IMPLIED	D	L	optional base URI for applet
codetype	OBJECT	%ContentType;	#IMPLIED			content type for code
color	BASEFONT, FONT	%Color;	#IMPLIED	D	L	text color
cols	FRAMESET	%MultiLengths;	#IMPLIED		F	list of lengths, default: 100% (1 col)
cols	TEXTAREA	NUMBER	#REQUIRED
colspan	TD, TH	NUMBER	1			number of cols spanned by cell
compact	DIR, DL, MENU, OL, UL	(compact)	#IMPLIED	D	L	reduced interitem spacing
content	META	CDATA	#REQUIRED			associated information
coords	AREA	%Coords;	#IMPLIED			comma-separated list of lengths
coords	A	%Coords;	#IMPLIED			for use with client-side image maps
data	OBJECT	%URI;	#IMPLIED			reference to object's data
datetime	DEL, INS	%Datetime;	#IMPLIED			date and time of change
declare	OBJECT	(declare)	#IMPLIED			declare but don't instantiate flag
defer	SCRIPT	(defer)	#IMPLIED			UA may defer execution of script
dir	All elementsAPPLET, BASE, BASEFONT, BDO, BR, FRAME, FRAMESET, IFRAME, PARAM, SCRIPT but	(ltr \| rtl)	#IMPLIED			direction for weak/neutral text
dir	BDO	(ltr \| rtl)	#REQUIRED			directionality
disabled	BUTTON, INPUT, OPTGROUP, OPTION, SELECT, TEXTAREA	(disabled)	#IMPLIED			unavailable in this context
enctype	FORM	%ContentType;	"application/x-www- form-urlencoded"
face	BASEFONT, FONT	CDATA	#IMPLIED	D	L	comma-separated list of font names
for	LABEL	IDREF	#IMPLIED			matches field ID value
frame	TABLE	%TFrame;	#IMPLIED			which parts of frame to render
frameborder	FRAME, IFRAME	(1 \| 0)	1		F	request frame borders?
headers	TD, TH	IDREFS	#IMPLIED			list of id's for header cells
height	IFRAME	%Length;	#IMPLIED		L	frame height
height	TD, TH	%Length;	#IMPLIED	D	L	height for cell
height	IMG, OBJECT	%Length;	#IMPLIED			override height
height	APPLET	%Length;	#REQUIRED	D	L	initial height
href	A, AREA, LINK	%URI;	#IMPLIED			URI for linked resource
href	BASE	%URI;	#IMPLIED			URI that acts as base URI
hreflang	A, LINK	%LanguageCode;	#IMPLIED			language code
hspace	APPLET, IMG, OBJECT	%Pixels;	#IMPLIED	D	L	horizontal gutter
http-equiv	META	NAME	#IMPLIED			HTTP response header name
id	All elementsBASE, HEAD, HTML, META, SCRIPT, STYLE, TITLE but	ID	#IMPLIED			document-wide unique id
ismap	IMG, INPUT	(ismap)	#IMPLIED			use server-side image map
label	OPTION	%Text;	#IMPLIED			for use in hierarchical menus
label	OPTGROUP	%Text;	#REQUIRED			for use in hierarchical menus
lang	All elementsAPPLET, BASE, BASEFONT, BR, FRAME, FRAMESET, IFRAME, PARAM, SCRIPT but	%LanguageCode;	#IMPLIED			language code
language	SCRIPT	CDATA	#IMPLIED	D	L	predefined script language name
link	BODY	%Color;	#IMPLIED	D	L	color of links
longdesc	IMG	%URI;	#IMPLIED			link to long description (complements alt)
longdesc	FRAME, IFRAME	%URI;	#IMPLIED		F	link to long description (complements title)
marginheight	FRAME, IFRAME	%Pixels;	#IMPLIED		F	margin height in pixels
marginwidth	FRAME, IFRAME	%Pixels;	#IMPLIED		F	margin widths in pixels
maxlength	INPUT	NUMBER	#IMPLIED			max chars for text fields
media	STYLE	%MediaDesc;	#IMPLIED			designed for use with these media
media	LINK	%MediaDesc;	#IMPLIED			for rendering on these media
method	FORM	(GET \| POST)	GET			HTTP method used to submit the form
multiple	SELECT	(multiple)	#IMPLIED			default is single selection
name	BUTTON, TEXTAREA	CDATA	#IMPLIED
name	APPLET	CDATA	#IMPLIED	D	L	allows applets to find each other
name	SELECT	CDATA	#IMPLIED			field name
name	FORM	CDATA	#IMPLIED			name of form for scripting
name	FRAME, IFRAME	CDATA	#IMPLIED		F	name of frame for targetting
name	IMG	CDATA	#IMPLIED			name of image for scripting
name	A	CDATA	#IMPLIED			named link end
name	INPUT, OBJECT	CDATA	#IMPLIED			submit as part of form
name	MAP	CDATA	#REQUIRED			for reference by usemap
name	PARAM	CDATA	#REQUIRED			property name
name	META	NAME	#IMPLIED			metainformation name
nohref	AREA	(nohref)	#IMPLIED			this region has no action
noresize	FRAME	(noresize)	#IMPLIED		F	allow users to resize frames?
noshade	HR	(noshade)	#IMPLIED	D	L
nowrap	TD, TH	(nowrap)	#IMPLIED	D	L	suppress word wrap
object	APPLET	CDATA	#IMPLIED	D	L	serialized applet file
onblur	A, AREA, BUTTON, INPUT, LABEL, SELECT, TEXTAREA	%Script;	#IMPLIED			the element lost the focus
onchange	INPUT, SELECT, TEXTAREA	%Script;	#IMPLIED			the element value was changed
onclick	All elementsAPPLET, BASE, BASEFONT, BDO, BR, FONT, FRAME, FRAMESET, HEAD, HTML, IFRAME, ISINDEX, META, PARAM, SCRIPT, STYLE, TITLE but	%Script;	#IMPLIED			a pointer button was clicked
ondblclick	All elementsAPPLET, BASE, BASEFONT, BDO, BR, FONT, FRAME, FRAMESET, HEAD, HTML, IFRAME, ISINDEX, META, PARAM, SCRIPT, STYLE, TITLE but	%Script;	#IMPLIED			a pointer button was double clicked
onfocus	A, AREA, BUTTON, INPUT, LABEL, SELECT, TEXTAREA	%Script;	#IMPLIED			the element got the focus
onkeydown	All elementsAPPLET, BASE, BASEFONT, BDO, BR, FONT, FRAME, FRAMESET, HEAD, HTML, IFRAME, ISINDEX, META, PARAM, SCRIPT, STYLE, TITLE but	%Script;	#IMPLIED			a key was pressed down
onkeypress	All elementsAPPLET, BASE, BASEFONT, BDO, BR, FONT, FRAME, FRAMESET, HEAD, HTML, IFRAME, ISINDEX, META, PARAM, SCRIPT, STYLE, TITLE but	%Script;	#IMPLIED			a key was pressed and released
onkeyup	All elementsAPPLET, BASE, BASEFONT, BDO, BR, FONT, FRAME, FRAMESET, HEAD, HTML, IFRAME, ISINDEX, META, PARAM, SCRIPT, STYLE, TITLE but	%Script;	#IMPLIED			a key was released
onload	FRAMESET	%Script;	#IMPLIED		F	all the frames have been loaded
onload	BODY	%Script;	#IMPLIED			the document has been loaded
onmousedown	All elementsAPPLET, BASE, BASEFONT, BDO, BR, FONT, FRAME, FRAMESET, HEAD, HTML, IFRAME, ISINDEX, META, PARAM, SCRIPT, STYLE, TITLE but	%Script;	#IMPLIED			a pointer button was pressed down
onmousemove	All elementsAPPLET, BASE, BASEFONT, BDO, BR, FONT, FRAME, FRAMESET, HEAD, HTML, IFRAME, ISINDEX, META, PARAM, SCRIPT, STYLE, TITLE but	%Script;	#IMPLIED			a pointer was moved within
onmouseout	All elementsAPPLET, BASE, BASEFONT, BDO, BR, FONT, FRAME, FRAMESET, HEAD, HTML, IFRAME, ISINDEX, META, PARAM, SCRIPT, STYLE, TITLE but	%Script;	#IMPLIED			a pointer was moved away
onmouseover	All elementsAPPLET, BASE, BASEFONT, BDO, BR, FONT, FRAME, FRAMESET, HEAD, HTML, IFRAME, ISINDEX, META, PARAM, SCRIPT, STYLE, TITLE but	%Script;	#IMPLIED			a pointer was moved onto
onmouseup	All elementsAPPLET, BASE, BASEFONT, BDO, BR, FONT, FRAME, FRAMESET, HEAD, HTML, IFRAME, ISINDEX, META, PARAM, SCRIPT, STYLE, TITLE but	%Script;	#IMPLIED			a pointer button was released
onreset	FORM	%Script;	#IMPLIED			the form was reset
onselect	INPUT, TEXTAREA	%Script;	#IMPLIED			some text was selected
onsubmit	FORM	%Script;	#IMPLIED			the form was submitted
onunload	FRAMESET	%Script;	#IMPLIED		F	all the frames have been removed
onunload	BODY	%Script;	#IMPLIED			the document has been removed
profile	HEAD	%URI;	#IMPLIED			named dictionary of meta info
prompt	ISINDEX	%Text;	#IMPLIED	D	L	prompt message
readonly	TEXTAREA	(readonly)	#IMPLIED
readonly	INPUT	(readonly)	#IMPLIED			for text and passwd
rel	A, LINK	%LinkTypes;	#IMPLIED			forward link types
rev	A, LINK	%LinkTypes;	#IMPLIED			reverse link types
rows	FRAMESET	%MultiLengths;	#IMPLIED		F	list of lengths, default: 100% (1 row)
rows	TEXTAREA	NUMBER	#REQUIRED
rowspan	TD, TH	NUMBER	1			number of rows spanned by cell
rules	TABLE	%TRules;	#IMPLIED			rulings between rows and cols
scheme	META	CDATA	#IMPLIED			select form of content
scope	TD, TH	%Scope;	#IMPLIED			scope covered by header cells
scrolling	FRAME, IFRAME	(yes \| no \| auto)	auto		F	scrollbar or none
selected	OPTION	(selected)	#IMPLIED
shape	AREA	%Shape;	rect			controls interpretation of coords
shape	A	%Shape;	rect			for use with client-side image maps
size	HR	%Pixels;	#IMPLIED	D	L
size	FONT	CDATA	#IMPLIED	D	L	[+\|-]nn e.g. size="+1", size="4"
size	INPUT	CDATA	#IMPLIED			specific to each type of field
size	BASEFONT	CDATA	#REQUIRED	D	L	base font size for FONT elements
size	SELECT	NUMBER	#IMPLIED			rows visible
span	COL	NUMBER	1			COL attributes affect N columns
span	COLGROUP	NUMBER	1			default number of columns in group
src	SCRIPT	%URI;	#IMPLIED			URI for an external script
src	INPUT	%URI;	#IMPLIED			for fields with images
src	FRAME, IFRAME	%URI;	#IMPLIED		F	source of frame content
src	IMG	%URI;	#REQUIRED			URI of image to embed
standby	OBJECT	%Text;	#IMPLIED			message to show while loading
start	OL	NUMBER	#IMPLIED	D	L	starting sequence number
style	All elementsBASE, BASEFONT, HEAD, HTML, META, PARAM, SCRIPT, STYLE, TITLE but	%StyleSheet;	#IMPLIED			associated style info
summary	TABLE	%Text;	#IMPLIED			purpose/structure for speech output
tabindex	A, AREA, BUTTON, INPUT, OBJECT, SELECT, TEXTAREA	NUMBER	#IMPLIED			position in tabbing order
target	A, AREA, BASE, FORM, LINK	%FrameTarget;	#IMPLIED		L	render in this frame
text	BODY	%Color;	#IMPLIED	D	L	document text color
title	All elementsBASE, BASEFONT, HEAD, HTML, META, PARAM, SCRIPT, TITLE but	%Text;	#IMPLIED			advisory title
type	A, LINK	%ContentType;	#IMPLIED			advisory content type
type	OBJECT	%ContentType;	#IMPLIED			content type for data
type	PARAM	%ContentType;	#IMPLIED			content type for value when valuetype=ref
type	SCRIPT	%ContentType;	#REQUIRED			content type of script language
type	STYLE	%ContentType;	#REQUIRED			content type of style language
type	INPUT	%InputType;	TEXT			what kind of widget is needed
type	LI	%LIStyle;	#IMPLIED	D	L	list item style
type	OL	%OLStyle;	#IMPLIED	D	L	numbering style
type	UL	%ULStyle;	#IMPLIED	D	L	bullet style
type	BUTTON	(button \| submit \| reset)	submit			for use as form button
usemap	IMG, INPUT, OBJECT	%URI;	#IMPLIED			use client-side image map
valign	COL, COLGROUP, TBODY, TD, TFOOT, TH, THEAD, TR	(top \| middle \| bottom \| baseline)	#IMPLIED			vertical alignment in cells
value	INPUT	CDATA	#IMPLIED			Specify for radio buttons and checkboxes
value	OPTION	CDATA	#IMPLIED			defaults to element content
value	PARAM	CDATA	#IMPLIED			property value
value	BUTTON	CDATA	#IMPLIED			sent to server when submitted
value	LI	NUMBER	#IMPLIED	D	L	reset sequence number
valuetype	PARAM	(DATA \| REF \| OBJECT)	DATA			How to interpret value
version	HTML	CDATA	%HTML.Version;	D	L	Constant
vlink	BODY	%Color;	#IMPLIED	D	L	color of visited links
vspace	APPLET, IMG, OBJECT	%Pixels;	#IMPLIED	D	L	vertical gutter
width	HR	%Length;	#IMPLIED	D	L
width	IFRAME	%Length;	#IMPLIED		L	frame width
width	IMG, OBJECT	%Length;	#IMPLIED			override width
width	TABLE	%Length;	#IMPLIED			table width
width	TD, TH	%Length;	#IMPLIED	D	L	width for cell
width	APPLET	%Length;	#REQUIRED	D	L	initial width
width	COL	%MultiLength;	#IMPLIED			column width specification
width	COLGROUP	%MultiLength;	#IMPLIED			default width for enclosed COLs
width	PRE	NUMBER	#IMPLIED	D	L

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